全球化经济安全是首位,其次是“全球本地化”

2024-04-26
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本文原文为:Globalization with Economic Security and “Glocalization”,发表于科睿研究院《学术探索专栏》


本文作者Vladimer Papava,Full Fellow of Core Academy, 国际经济学家与应用经济学者,格鲁吉亚国家科学院院士兼总秘书长,第比利斯伊万·贾瓦赫什维利国立大学经济学教授(前校长)、格鲁吉亚原经济(金融)部部长、国会议员。








Covid-19大流行和俄罗斯与乌克兰的冲突,以及西方对俄罗斯实施的经济制裁,从根本上改变了已有数十年历史的全球化世界体系。


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图片来源:世界经济论坛


由于 COVID-19 大流行,许多国家不得不暂停一些经济部门的运作。这反过来又导致了全球供应链的中断。如果我们再加上这样一个事实,特别是在疫情爆发之初,许多国家独自抗击冠状病毒的传播,那么所谓的全球化结束和去全球化开始的错误印象就不足为奇了。


与此同时,很明显,在孤立主义的基础上克服本质上是一种全球现象的流行病原则上是不可能的。此外,许多经济学家认识到,在孤立主义或至少是去全球化条件下,疫情后的经济发展是不可能的。


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图片来源:莫纳什大学


非法全球经济(例如贩毒、非法武器贸易等)的生存能力证明了全球化根本不可能结束。特别是,尽管几乎所有国家和国际组织(特别是国际刑警组织)都在与之作斗争,但全球非法经济仍表现出弹性和稳定性。此外,非法的全球经济是俄罗斯在乌克兰战争中的主要“盟友”,当时对俄罗斯采取经济制裁的国家的公司想方设法在俄罗斯做生意,而俄罗斯则绕过这些制裁。


如果我们从原则上全球化本身不可能结束的事实出发,那么就有必要了解全球化本身变化的本质。 


考虑到这个问题,从一开始就有必要回答一个问题:疫情开始时到底是什么结束了。 


事实上,由于疫情的爆发,全球供应链开始崩溃,以经济全球化为基础的所谓超全球化就结束了。其原因在于经济全球化和政治全球化水平之间的差异,后者明显落后于前者。事实上,如上所述,在大流行的初始阶段,每个国家都试图单独应对Covid-19,而国际组织(主要是世界卫生组织)本应协调各国政府的行动,但他们的作用却很有限。


因此,结束的不是全球化,而是超全球化,随着疫情的爆发,全球经济陷入动荡,超全球化被动荡的全球化所取代。


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图片来源:哈佛大学


随着2022年2月24日俄罗斯与乌克兰的冲突爆发,以及西方对俄罗斯实施经济制裁,世界经济格局开始出现变化——一些国家支持这些制裁,其他人站在俄罗斯一边,其余人选择保持中立。


结果,全球经济获得了对抗性特征,即动荡的全球化被对抗性全球化所取代。尽管全球经济具有对抗性,如上所述,违反这些制裁的行为却一再被记录。


认识到现实中不是真正的去全球化,而是一种伪去全球化,经济学家开始预测更高水平和显着改善的全球化的所谓新“浪潮”的到来。换句话说,新的全球化“浪潮”可以被解读为“更好的全球化”。与此同时,“新全球化浪潮”和“更好的全球化”的内容仍然存在疑问。


为了理解“更好的全球化”的含义,有必要考虑到疫情爆发之初,以及随后俄罗斯对乌克兰的战争以及美国实施经济制裁,哪些主要挑战和问题被提上议程,如西方对抗俄罗斯。


正如人们所预料的那样,疫情和俄罗斯在乌克兰的冲突,再加上经济制裁,加剧了与总体安全以及能源和粮食安全。


如果从理论上和实践上,都不能排除出现全球性新流行病的事实,那么经济安全问题就变得至关重要。值得注意的是,无论是现在还是未来,战争或冲突都会加剧特定国家、地区乃至世界的经济安全问题。


因此,在我看来,“更好的全球化”应该被理解为具有经济安全的全球化,它将取代对抗性的全球化。在我看来,具有经济安全的全球化可以成为对经济民族主义的现代理解。


在经济安全的背景下,同样重要的是创建更具弹性的全球供应链网络。为此,采取了“回流”或“在岸”(将位于遥远国家的企业遣返)、“近岸”(将位于遥远国家的企业迁移到邻国)和“友好外包”或“盟友外包”(将位于遥远国家的企业迁移至邻国)等措施。从遥远国家到那些坚持相似价值观的国家的企业)现在已经变得相关。


显然,这些措施背离了自由贸易原则,必然会影响生产成本的增长。然而,由于全球供应链频繁中断,这些措施是被迫的。


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图片来源:卡托研究所


诺贝尔经济学奖获得者迈克尔·斯宾塞表示,为了正确评估当前全球经济的现实,经济学家需要开发模型来预测全球供应链的发展,同时考虑到他们对可能的冲击的可能反应。


值得注意的是,回流、近岸和友岸并不意味着全球化的消失,而是全球化本身框架内区域化的加强。


正是在经济安全区域化的背景下,最近的一些出版物(例如He,2024)使用了“全球本地化”一词,其含义与我使用“经济安全的全球化”一词的含义相同。在我看来,这种对“全球本土化”的解释并不完全正确。


事实上,“全球本地化”一词是由“全球化”和“本地化”两个术语组合而成,并于 1980 年由社会学家罗兰·罗伯逊引入科学用途,意味着对全球生产的产品进行适应,扩展到当地市场。全球本地化的一个明显例子是,一家汽车制造公司在车辆的左侧或右侧安装方向盘,具体取决于该车辆是在右手交通还是左手交通的国家/地区销售。


显然,“全球本土化”的术语和内容与国家或经济安全无关。


总之,我注意到经济安全为经济学家和其他社会科学代表开辟了研究全球化具体特征的相当广阔的前沿。



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本文作者弗拉基米尔·帕帕瓦 (Vladimer Papava) Fellow, International Core Academy of Sciences and Humanities 国际科学与人文学院 社会科学部正式成员。他目前是第比利斯国立大学的经济学教授和格鲁吉亚国家科学院的院士兼秘书。他还是格鲁吉亚国家科学院院士。帕帕瓦教授是国际公认的经济学家,曾担任格鲁吉亚经济部长和第比利斯国立大学校长。